The main adult attachment styles & how they affect relationships
Secure attachment
- Core belief: “I’m OK, you’re OK.”
- In relationships: Comfortable with intimacy and independence, able to communicate needs, tolerate conflict, and repair after ruptures.
- Impact: More stable, satisfying relationships with flexibility and trust.
Anxious (preoccupied) attachment
- Core belief: “I might be abandoned.”
- In relationships: Seeks closeness and reassurance, may fear rejection, over-interpret cues, or struggle with emotional regulation.
- Impact: Can lead to cycles of pursuit, heightened conflict, or feeling “too much” in relationships.
Avoidant (dismissive) attachment
- Core belief: “I can only rely on myself.”
- In relationships: Values independence, may downplay emotions, withdraw during conflict, or feel overwhelmed by closeness.
- Impact: Can create emotional distance, difficulty with vulnerability, and partners feeling shut out.
Fearful-avoidant (disorganised) attachment
- Core belief: “I want closeness, but it isn’t safe.”
- In relationships: Push-pull dynamics, intense emotions, difficulty trusting, fear of intimacy and abandonment.
- Impact: Often associated with unstable or high-conflict relationships and unresolved trauma.
Key adult relationship effects
- Attachment styles influence how we choose partners, respond to conflict, seek reassurance, and handle emotional closeness.
- Styles are patterns, not fixed traits—they can shift with insight, secure relationships, and therapeutic work.
- Many relationship difficulties reflect attachment dynamics, not individual “flaws”.
- Impact: Can lead to cycles of pursuit, heightened conflict, or feeling “too much” in relationships.
Avoidant (dismissive) attachment
- Core belief: “I can only rely on myself.”
- In relationships: Values independence, may downplay emotions, withdraw during conflict, or feel overwhelmed by closeness.
- Impact: Can create emotional distance, difficulty with vulnerability, and partners feeling shut out.
Fearful-avoidant (disorganised) attachment
- Core belief: “I want closeness, but it isn’t safe.”
- In relationships: Push-pull dynamics, intense emotions, difficulty trusting, fear of intimacy and abandonment.
- Impact: Often associated with unstable or high-conflict relationships and unresolved trauma.
Key adult relationship effects
- Attachment styles influence how we choose partners, respond to conflict, seek reassurance, and handle emotional closeness.
- Styles are patterns, not fixed traits—they can shift with insight, secure relationships, and therapeutic work within counselling sessions.
Many relationship difficulties reflect attachment dynamics, not individual “flaws”.